Asteroids, Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites and Comets

Asteroids, Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites and Comets Introduction Shooting stars is one of the most beautiful phenomenon, so that most people would make efforts to see this view and scientists have done many researches about it. Many reasons of shooting stars are consist of comets, asteroids, meteors and meteoroids. However, behind this beautiful phenomenon, these four kinds of stars can make unpredictable influence and in different level of damages to the universe. Comets are invisible except unless they near the sun. Comets are mixture of ice (water and frozen gas) and dust, comets have several distinct parts, including nucleus, coma, hydrogen cloud, dust tail and ion tail. The main body of comet is called the nucleus, which can contain water, methane, nitrogen and other ice. Asteroids is a small rocky body orbiting the sun large numbers of these, ranging enormously in size, are found between the orbits of mars and Jupiter, though some have more eccentric orbits. Asteroids are minor planets, especially that inner solar system. The larger ones hav e also been called planetoid. Meteors are formed as dusts, also called as meteoroids. When they rub with atmosphere, they will create light and heat, and finally burn as light. This phenomenon is called meter shower. The meteorites are the central part of Meteors or Asteroids and it is major material about human research universe at first time (Sun, 2017). Comets A comet is a small part of solar system main, mainly by the ice and a small amount of dust and rock mixed (SPACE FACTS, 2017). Comets have several different parts: nucleus, coma, hydrogen cloud, dust tail, and ion tail (NINE PLANTS. 1994-2015). The nucleus is usually considered a solid part of the centre of the comet, the core is constituted of rock, dust and frozen gas into a small asteroid. The coma is the evaporation of the nucleus, whose shape and size are closely related to the distance from the sun. In general, the closer to the sun, the greater the coma, the diameter of up to hundreds of thousands of kilometres, and sometimes with the sun, or even more than the sun (The Plants 2010-2017). In the coma outside the composition of the cloud by the hydrogen atoms, this is a hydrogen clouds. The Dust tail is composed of dust, collar is yellow, is the suns photon under the radiation pressure to repulsion the formation of dust, this is the most protruding part of the comet. The ion ta il consists of ionic gases, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon, hydrogen and other ionized molecules (Calvin J. Hamilton. 1995-2010). The comets orbit is mostly parabolic or hyperbolic, with a few oval-shaped. At present, it has been found that there are more than 1700 comets running around the sun. The famous Halley comet around the sun week for 76 years (SPACE. 2017). The comet is made up of frozen gases, rock and dust, and when the comet approaches the star, the comet material sublimates, forming a hazy coma around the ice nucleus and a tail of a thin matter stream. Due to the pressure of the solar wind, the tail is always pointing to the direction of the sun to form a very long tail. Comet tail is generally tens of millions of kilometres long, up to hundreds of millions of kilometres. The shape of a comet like a broom, so commonly known as broom stars(Sea and Sky 1998-2016).The comet does not have a fixed volume, it is very small when it is away from the s un; close to the sun, the coma becomes bigger than before, the comet becomes longer and the volume becomes very large. The maximum length of the tail can reach more than 200 million kilometres. The quality of the comet is very small, and the average density of the comet is 1 gram per cubic centimetre. Coma and comet material is extremely thin, its quality only the total mass of 1 to 5%, or even small (Bill Dunford. 2011). Asteroids Asteroid is a little rough body circling the sun substantial quantities of these, running hugely in size, are found between the circles of blemishes and Jupiter, however some have more unusual circles. Space rocks are minor planets, particularly that internal close planetary system. The bigger ones have additionally been called planetoids. These terms have truly been connected to any galactic protest circling the sun that did not demonstrate the plate of a planet and was not saw to have the qualities of a dynamic comet. As minor planets in external close planetary system were found and found to unstable based surfaces that look like those of comets, they were frequently recognized from space rocks of the space rocks belt. Space rocks allude to the minor planets of the inward close planetary system incorporating that co-orbital with Jupiter. Ceres was the principal space rock to be found, it was found in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi and it was thought to be another planet. This was escorted by the revelation of other comparable bodies, which, with the gear of time, had all the earmarks of being purposes of light, similar to stars, demonstrating next to zero planetary plate, however promptly recognizable from stars because of their obvious movements (NASA, 2010). Trojans are incorporated bodies caught in Jupiters fourth and fifth LaGrange focuses, centaurs (bodies in circle amongst Jupiter and Neptune), and trans-Neptunian objects(orbiting past Neptune) in our meaning of space rock as utilized on the site, despite the fact that they may all the more accurately be called minor planets rather than space rocks(NASA, 2010). The principle contrast amongst space rocks and comets is their organization, as in what they are made of. Space rock are comprised of metals and rough material. Both space rocks and comets were framed right on time in the historical backdrop of the close planetary system around 4.5 billion years prior. Space rocks framed significantly nearer to the sun, where it was too warm for frosts to stay strong. Comets framed more distant from the sun where frosts would not dissolve. Comets which approach the sun lose material with each circle since some of their ice melts and vaporizes to shape a tail. Meteors Meteor is a particle which is broken from an asteroid, orbiting the Sun, and it is also called meteoroid. Meteor will burn itself as it reaches the atmosphere of Earth. At the same time, this action produces a shooting stars effect. Besides, if a meteor has not completely disintegrated when it enter the atmosphere, it will become a meteorite which is the core of meteor (Collins, 2010). Meteor is normally formed by many different sources, including the dusts of comets and asteroids, and more, this is because, when these sources pass through the Earth, they would create dust (Clain). Each day, scientists estimate that there are between 1000 to 10000 tons of meteors which will hit the atmosphere of the Earth. Before they hit the surface of the Earth, they would burn out and become shooting stars (8 Planets). Moreover, meteor will create a light path when it enters the atmosphere. Sometimes, the light, which is created by the action and also called fireball, would bright than the brightest planet, Venus. However, this light disappeared as soon as the meteor burnt out (Sun, 2017). According to NASA, scientists usually name a new meteor shower from the constellation it comes from. Take Perseids as an example, Perseids occurs in Perseus, as a result, it is named Perseids. In addition, there are approximately 30 meteor showers, which are visible to the observers on Earth, occurring annually. Some of these meteor showers might have been approximately a hundred years. For instance, the Perseid meteor shower, which was first discovered and recorded 2000 years ago in Chinese annals, occurs in every August. Compared to asteroids, comets and meteorites, meteors could not create as huge damages as asteroids, to the Earth or universe as it just simply made up of dust. Besides, meteors and meteorites can pass through the atmosphere, while comets and asteroids cannot. However, the time when asteroids pass through the atmosphere and reach the Earth and it caused the extinction of dinosaurs (Carr, 2016). According to a scientist Nicola David (2013), although there is an explosion which happened in Russia in 2013, but there are a few solutions to solve this problem is that to change the orbit of the meteor temporarily in order to avoid its collision with the Earth. However, this solution cannot be made sure that this meteor would hit the Earth again months or years later. Meteorites We can say meteorites is meteor, but the meteorite is the central part of meteor or asteroids because it is planetary embryos that didnt grow big enough to become planets in their own right. Actually, the meteorites major divide four kinds-stony meteorite, pallasite, iron meteorite and mix meteorite (Heide, 1964). It will be born when the meteor through Earths atmosphere, meteors shell is dust so it will be broken. Stony meteorites major element is rock, iron meteorites major elements are different metal, pallasite meteorite is belong mix meteorite (Heide, 1964). Pallasites are a beautiful olivine crystal formed in rock or metal meteorites. (Sun.org, 2017). Some of stony meteorites- Is a kind of meteorite from the universe formed by the ball, from the space floating dust and stone, meteorite attracts these things with itself to form a larger object, such as asteroids and meteorites (Heide, 1964). Meteorites research value is very high, some of them will be 400 million years ago, the protection of their own meteorite particles so it retained a lot of dust is the original information of our early solar system, so it is very important for the universe research (Sun.org, 2017). Pallasites are especially fascinating. The olivine crystals in a metal or rock matrix are the boundary between the silicate mantle and the centre of the mantles (Sun.org, 2017). If cut into thin slices, it will be showing different colour from yellow to green (Sun.org, 2017). Per the speculation that meteorites from universe used by the scientists, the core of the earth is form by iron and nickel (Sun.org, 2017). Meteorites is major research resources for scientists to do some research (Dalrymple, 1991), because It is like a tree of the same record of their own life course, through research, scientists can get information on the surrounding earth space around the sample (Lauretta and McSween, 2006). Scientists want meteorites to research since they are first material that was formed in our early solar system, almost 4.6 billion years ago, We will never be able to hold a piece of core in our hands, but we can explore the metal cores of protoplanets and asteroids (Sun.org, 2017). The same metal meteorites also has some slight radiation, so he can also be used for radiation research. Conclusion To summarise, comets, asteroids, meteors and meteorites are essential particles to form the universe. Comets characteristics are orbit and distance between the comet and the sun. The comets orbit is divided into three kinds, parabolic, hyperbolic and oval-shaped. On the other hand, comets are more close to the sun, the volume is bigger than before, however the comet and the sun have long distance, the comet volume is small. Meteors are consisted of dust which from comets and asteroids. Besides, it will create a light trail when it enters the atmosphere. Compared to asteroids, meteors can make less damage to the Earth. Meteorite is the core of meteor, but their size is not big enough to form a planet. Because of the material of meteorite, many scientists would be interested to do research about it. References 8 Planets, (2017). Facts About Meteors and Meteorites | 8 Planets. [online] 8planets.co.uk. Available at: http://www.8planets.co.uk/facts-about-meteors-and-meteorites [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Carr, K. (2016). Meteors Space Shooting Stars Quatr.us. [online] Quatr.us. Available at: http://quatr.us/physics/space/meteor.htm#topbar [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Caltech, (2017). Ask an Astronomer. [online] Cool Cosmos. Available at: http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/181-What-is-the-difference-between-an-asteroid-and-a-comet- [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Clain, A. (1995). Meteor Interactions with the Atmosphere. [online] Minerva.union.edu. Available at: http://minerva.union.edu/claina/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Collins, N. (2017). What is a meteor? [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/8190587/What-is-a-meteor.html [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Dalrymple, G. (1991). The age of the earth. 1st ed. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Davis, N. (2017). Explaining meteors: are we in danger?. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/28/meteors-impact-tracking-space-guard [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Dunford, B. (2011). Comets In Depth | Planets NASA Solar System Exploration. [online] NASA Solar System Exploration. Available at: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/comets/indepth [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Hamilton, C. (2017). Comet Introduction. [online] Solarviews.com. Available at: http://solarviews.com/eng/comet.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Heide, F. (1964). Meteorites. 1st ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Knight, J. (1998). Comets The Solar System on Sea and Sky. [online] Seasky.org. Available at: http://www.seasky.org/solar-system/comets.html [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Lauretta, D. and McSween, H. (2006). Meteorites and the early solar system II. 1st ed. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press. NASA, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/741990main_ten_meteor_facts.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. NINE PLANT, (1994). Comets facts, pictures and information. [online] Nineplanets.org. Available at: http://nineplanets.org/comets.html [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. SPACE FACTS, (2017). Comet Facts à ¢Ã‹Å"„ Interesting Facts about Comets Space Facts. [online] Space Facts. Available at: http://space-facts.com/comets/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. SPACE, (2017). Comets: Facts About The Dirty Snowballs of Space. [online] Space.com. Available at: http://www.space.com/53-comets-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Sun.org. (2017). Asteroids, meteoroids, meteors, meteorites, comets. [online] Available at: http://www.sun.org/encyclopedia/asteroids-meteoroids-meteors-meteorites-comets [Accessed 6 Mar. 2017]. The Plants, (2010). [online] Available at: https://theplanets.org/comets/(K.E., 2016) [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017].

Narrative Essay :: My Grandpa

"Hello," I stated as I hopped through the door to my grandparent's home without even a knock. My grandma looked up from the book she was reading in her cozy corner chair, "Well, hello there" "Where is grandpa?" I asked as I leaned down to brush my lips across the soft wrinkled cheek of my elderly grandma. "Who's there?" a familiar deep, rough voice sounded from the next room. Smiling I skipped through the kitchen and into a long dimly lit room filled with bookcases, couches, a dining room table and a grand piano. My grandpa, across the room, was surrounded by music stands and piles of sheet music. His trusty violin was in one hand and the long wooden bow with the horse hair strings, that I was always warned never to touch, was in the other. As I walked toward the figure across the room, I noticed his full head of snowy white hair glowing in the dark room. Over his short stocky body hung a green dress shirt and a fuzzy cardigan sweater. He wore slacks held up awkwardly by a belt allowing his small potbelly to hang over it. His face hardly showed the years of worry and stress, but his white bushy eyebrows and growing second chin showed his old age. His smile greeted me. As I drew close to him, his aging arms reached out and wrapped around my body pulling me into a warm loving hug. As he released me from the hug, I said, "Grandpa, I learned a new song I want you to hear." I plopped down on the hard piano bench, and my fingers flowed over the keys. My foot pumped the cold pedal, and the room was magically filled with tones, one after another slowly warming the room. Looking up at my grandfather's soft, blue eyes I saw him crack a smile and nod with encouragement. Soon his violin found its way to its familiar spot between my grandpa's shoulder and his unshaven chin. He swayed slightly as his arm moved the bow across the strings of the violin producing a harmony to the melody I was performing. With a long last note, we both dropped our hands to our sides allowing the music, which had just filled the room with its thick tone, to abruptly end. The room was left in a dead silence, frozen for a brief period of time, as we recovered from the intensity of the piece.

I Need Help on My Research Paper on the Stroop Effect

Warped Words & The Stroop Effect Table of Content   My science project is on the Stroop Effect. Basically it’s an effect on the human brain; we become confused from the effect. For example if someone was to give you a paper with names of colors and the colors weren’t the same as the word.They told you to read it aloud; you are probably going to have a hard time reading the words because of the effect. John Ridley Stroop is the man who named a color-word task after him, he is a cognitive psychologist. He was showing that you could interfere with attention. Different learners are affected differently; there are visual, auditory, and tactile learners. Usually the visual learners don’t have as much trouble. In 1935 John said that if you test different genders separately, it won’t make a difference.He did four different tests; one was to read the words, tell him the color, read them clock-wise, and read them counter-clockwise. When Ridley tested he only teste d college students, he tested them their 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and before they graduated. Introduction John Ridley Stroop was the first to perform the cognitive task, the Stroop effect. The effect is a study on interference, which makes two signals in your brain go off at the same time. These signals are located in a part of the brain called the anterior cingulate.Anterior cingulate is a part of the brain that regulates blood pressure, reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy, and emotions. The task can affect people’s reading abilities, because the effect interferes with the urge to read the word and not the ink color. Behaviorism can be an example such as â€Å"classroom management†. For example a teacher states that she will reward the class for good behavior while there was a substitute, so she requests a party at the end of the week.This can be used for rewards and punishment, such as the teacher gets a bad report from the substitute and she punishes the class for their behavior (ex. States to the class that they have to write a two paragraph apology letter to the substitute). So called behaviorist feel that teachers can give positive and negative reinforcements (rewards or punishments), so that you can learn. The purpose of the Stroop effect is to seek what interferes with our brain and to see how our brain processes the things we do.

Male Reactions to Female Power in Antigone - 1473 Words

Western society has a long history of subjugating women to men. Some cite the idea that women are somehow weaker or inferior to men as a reason for the existence of this social dynamic. In Sophocless Antigone and, Dürrenmatts The Visit, however, the female leads show great strength and are even able to threaten the male leads with their power. Creon and Alfred Ills disdainful and oppressive treatment of women stems not from the supposed inferiority of women, but from the theme that man is afraid to lose control. This theme is developed through particular events in the plot: the men begin in positions of power, which are then threatened by the women. Their amateur reactions to the powerful women cause them to lose more control until in†¦show more content†¦The people of Guellen, spurred on partially by their disgust of Ills actions and partially by Claires offer of money, decide to retract their support of Ill â€Å"becoming Mayor† (Dürrenmatt 54). Claires offer hangs darkly over the town, bringing the Guelleners closer and closer to Ills destruction. Even Ills family falls to Claires temptation, purchasing expensive items and â€Å"making debts† (Dürrenmatt 78) though they know that the only way to repay their debts is through Ills death. The people who had once laid all their hopes upon Ill turn against him when faced with the enormity of Claires power. Interestingly, the female threats to male power are depicted in opposite manners. Antigone acts as a force of good, but Dürrenmatt portrays Claires power as antagonistic. The difference lies in the source of their power. Antigones strength derives from her moral fortitude and love of the gods and her â€Å"dearest brother† (Sophocles 167). Claire wields power because she can buy it. In other words, Antigone appeals to the superego of her peers , inspiring others to reach beyond their capacity. She sought to â€Å"fight with men† (Sophocles 167) despite being a woman, hoping others would overlook her sex in favor of her good morals. Claire, on the other hand, appeals to the id of the people of Guellen, preying on their economic vulnerability and desperation to coerce them into committing murder. In fact, her desire forShow MoreRelatedGender Roles In Antigone1547 Words   |  7 PagesIn Sophocles’ Antigone, gender roles are a major conflicting theme throughout the entire play. The setting of the play was written during the Greek mythological days, around 442 B.C. During these days, men were dominant and held all of the power, so women were automatically treated as less. Antigone and Creon portray the conflicting sides between male and female, and Ismene and Haemon portray opposing sides to Antigone and Creon’s actions. Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haemon each show differencesRead MoreSophocles Antigon e And The Self Isolation Of The Tragic Hero1724 Words   |  7 Pages Sophocles’ Antigone sets the stage of divine law versus civic law and men versus women puppeteering morality. As a cautionary tale of the 5th century, the text studies the clear distinction between Polios (public life) to Oikos (private life) and the dangers one faces when amalgamating the two. In Antigone religious fundamentalism is in battle with Creon’s stubborn grasp over the importance of showing his people the type of leader he is through his subsequent double blasphemy of letting Polynice’sRead MoreImitation Of Life, By Sarah Jane Johnson1681 Words   |  7 Pagesany harm towards her mother. We also read Sophocles’ play â€Å"Antigone,† and from what I gathered the title character is a young women of royal blood who sacrifices her life for the honor and integrity of her family, and to obey the commandments of the gods. We also read from our readings in our book â€Å"A World of Ideas,† and there are four authors that would react in a strongly manner to the life situations of Sarah Jane Johnson and Antigone. One author we read about is Virginia Woolf â€Å"Shakespeare’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Antigone 933 Words   |  4 Pagesinferior. Was it fear? Was it the hunger for power? Was is the highness of superiority? Whatever the reasons were, men had to be seen as the highest being next to whom they worshiped. In the play Antigone by Sophocles, the audience is exposed to the roles of men and women in an ancient Greece society known as Thebes. Although ancient Greece was a male-dominant society where women had as much freedom as a slave, Sophocles’ main character in the play, Antigone, is an example of a brave, strong-mindedRead MoreThe Burial at Thebes1234 Words   |  5 Pagesanother person and paying the price. Antigone went against the law of the land, set by the newly crowned King Creon. 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The Heat Of Summer - 863 Words

No one likes to think about fall in the heat of summer, but prospective MFA students gearing up for application season, have no other choice but to spend these months drafting personal statements and writing samples. With acceptance rates lower than ever for Creative Writing programs, students spend rigorous hours critiquing their own writing and begging others (former professors, siblings, strangers) to offer feedback. As schools intend on keeping their programs boutique sized, it drives acceptance rates into the teens, tens, and five percentiles. Though the competition is not letting up, the variety of online resources that offer support to applicants is growing. Guidance from online literary websites comes in the form of writing prompts, program rankings, and personal accounts from other writers, confessing their own self-doubt as a means to make the experience of trying to become a writer less solitary. Perhaps we have less well-known artist cafes and speakeasies than our histori cal counterparts, but this era of intellectuals is making up for that in the way of countless forums and literary based websites that create a community among seasoned and emerging writers. Here is a list of our top seven favorite literary spots around the web for encouragement and inspiration. 1. lithub.com Literary Hub publishes reviews, suggested reading, in depth pieces on art, culture, and literature, and so much more. For writers, lithub is a great resource for long editorial pieces thatShow MoreRelatedWhen Summer s Wet Heat Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesWhen summer s wet, humid heat drags us down we all need a frosty pick-me-up. Yet so many ice-blended drinks are high in calories, sugar and fat. Here are some easy ideas you can make on your own with just a few, simple ingredients. You don t have to have an espresso maker, you can just use instant espresso powder or some strongly brewed coffee. 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Graphic Design Vs. Art Essay - 1506 Words

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Intrinsic Nature of Commodity Business

Question: Discuss about the Intrinsic Nature of Commodity Business. Answer: Introduction The listed company on the ASX that has been chosen for the given analysis of role of CFO or Chief Financial Officer is BHP Billiton which is the one of the largest mining companies not only in Australia but globally. The company has mining assets which are present worldwide and also has presence across a host of minerals led by iron ore, coal, copper (BHP Billiton, 2015). Considering the intrinsic nature of commodity business and the fluctuating prices, it requires prudence on the part of CFO so as to ensure sustained performance by the company in an globally exceptionally dynamic and challenging environment. The given task focuses on highlighting the main responsibilities of the CFO for the selected company. Responsibilities of CFO The three key responsibilities that are associated with the CFO of this company are highlighted below. Capital Budgeting Since, BHP Billiton is a mining company, it always needs to be on the lookout for new mines that provide key minerals due to the depleting reserves of minerals and ores from the current mines. However, since the capital that the company has is typically limited, it requires prudent capital rationing on part of the company so as to ensure that money is invested only in those projects or mines which tend to deliver the highest returns for shareholders. However, this is easier said than done for mining projects because of the host of uncertainties associated with such projects (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). The gestation period of these projects is long and so are the capital costs specifically in terms of the dedicated rail infrastructure required to transfer the mining output along with the equipment used in mining. However, the commodity prices tend to change on a real time basis on the basis of the global factors which cannot be controlled by the company. The case in point is the cu rrent slowdown in China which has had an adverse impact on the profitability of the operations due to plummeting prices of key minerals (BHP Billiton, 2015). To add to the overall complexity is the political risk and government regulation since mining as a sector is highly sensitive to government policies related to licensing, royalty and taxation. As a result, of the above issues, the role of CFO is very significant in capital rationing. It is required that CFO guides the team of analysts so that an appropriate estimation of the long term prices can be forecasted for a particular mineral in the wake of the information available. One of the key aspects, where the CFO plays a critical role is in identifying the relevant factors that need to be considered by the analysts and those which are be ignored without compromising on the accuracy of the results obtained. This is imperative or else the parameters to be considered would be so immense that the underlying complexity would render it non-usable. A key tool which the CFO regularly deploys in this process is sensitivity analysis so that the focus could be brought on those factors which are the key determinants of the projects commercial success (Damodaran, 2008). Further, owing to the superior understanding of the CFO with regards to business and commodity markets, the CFO needs to provide critical inputs during the analysis of the projects which reflect his keen business acumen and ensures that the underlying risk is managed. One of the key mechanisms to ensure this is to estimate the underlying risk associated with a particular geography and political establishment which the CFO would be better placed to opine on based on previous experience and the same could determine the overall returns expected from such projects (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). While shortlisting the viable mining assets is just one step, the CFO then acts as one of the leaders in the negotiation process and the suitable valuation that should be given for acquisition for a particular mining asset. In this process, crucial decision needs to be taken particular with regards to financing and timing of acquisition considering the periodic nature of the commodity cycles which pose s additional challenges. However, in all such critical matters, the inputs from CFO provide to be a guiding light which ensures that interests of shareholders are preserved (Petty et. al., 2015) Preparation of Financial Statements For the given company, there is separation of the owners from the management which results in agency relation and hence information needs to be constantly provided to the owners so as to reflect on the performance in various segments so that the investors could take an informed view on the company (Drury, 2008). Besides, the company is listed on two exchanges i.e. London Stock Exchange and Australia Stock Exchange and need to fulfil the various reporting regulations that the exchanges impose along with the other regulatory agencies (BHP Billiton, 2015). Considering the wide span of operations which spread across geography, segments and currencies, this process needs to be done accurately while ensuring compliance with the applicable accounting standards that may be applicable in a given geography (Bhimani et. al., 2008). The CEO plays a critical role and acts as the chief coordinator so as to ensure that the financial statements are prepared in a timely manner and are in compliance with the various regulatory norms. The CEO also maintains connection with the internal audit committee so as to seek their inputs with regards to the key control risks that could be addressed through improvement in the processes. Further, considering the vast geographical spread of the operations of the company, determination of tax liability that may be payable in a particular geography and that which is payable in Australia is a pivotal matter and needs supervision and guidance from the CFO so as to ensure that compliance is achieved and the tax liabilities are kept at a minimum thereby providing highest returns to shareholders (Damodaran, 2008). With regards to audit of the financial statements and the various items, CFO acts as the chief coordinator which provides critical inputs in relation to formulation of the overa ll audit strategy and ensures that the external auditor are able to garner all the relevant information required in a prompt manner thereby ensuring that the incidence of misrepresentation in the financial statements is reduced and also the audit quality is enhanced (Seal, Garrison Noreen, 2012). Corporate Strategy Control Every business has a vision and it is imperative that the corporate strategy in place to achieve this should be viable and optimum. One of the crucial members in regards of the strategy formulation for the near future is the CFO as every action or strategy has financial implications which the CFO is in the best position to comment on owing to his experience and his financial acumen. In this case, decisions may be required to be taken with regards to the minerals that the company should focus on going ahead taking into consideration the likely demand supply mismatch for the same (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Further, certain strategic acquisitions of mining assets or mining companies may be required to be taken which should be aligned with the overall strategy. Also, CFO is in the position to comment on the availability of financial resources and the likely sources to garner more if required based on which the board may finalise strategic priorities for the company (Brigham Ehrhardt , 2013). Further, the CFO tends to outline the various financial benchmarks based on industry standards that aid in the overall control process. The performance of the key executives, operations is compared with these objectives and milestones. An additional tool which ensures the same is budget and this represents the priorities of the business and the CFO plays a critical role in reviewing and authorising the same. The CFO tends to allocate money for those projects which are considered to be pivotal for the company and tends to limit finances in areas that are relatively not significant. Besides, the financing needs arising from any shortfall of the requisite capital is also managed by the CFO along with the support of the financial managers (Bhimani et. al., 2008). Conclusion and Significance The critical role that the CFO plays in the functioning of the company is apparent from some of the key responsibilities that have been outlined above. The CFO ensures that the vision and mission of the company is aptly reflected in the corporate strategy which defines the key priority areas. Once these key priority areas are defined, the CFO defines the various financial milestones and key benchmarks that aid in the performance evaluation from time to time. This process is intrinsically dynamic especially since the mining business has exposure to a plethora of external risk. The various requisite resources are allocated based on the financial priorities and the budget (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). Also, to ensure that the growth is sustained, the capital is diverted into acquisition of fresh mining assets that would deliver superior value to the stakeholders. This typically requires a great deal of foresight and business acumen on the CFOs end considering the cost implications and also the gestation period, (Bhimani et. al., 2008). Finally, the performance of the company is reported to the various internal and external stakeholders so as to minimise agency costs and also be in compliance with the applicable regulations (Drury, 2008). For better understanding and analysis of the statement extended, the first step is to introduce the concept of efficient markets which is captured by the concept of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). There are three forms of efficiency in market that this hypothesis advocates. The first is market efficiency in the weak form which advocates the random movement of the stock price and therefore dismisses any utility of predicting stock price movement patterns by deploying technical analysis (Petty et. al., 2015). The second is market efficiency in the semi-strong form which advocates that the stock price adjustment process to any information that enters the market is so swift that no opportunity is provided with regards to initiating trades based on this information, thus reflecting poorly on the utility of fundamental analysis (Damodaran, 2008). The third is market efficiency in the strong form which advocates that all the information at all times is reflected in the actual market pric e and deviations from the intrinsic price are essentially very short lived due to self-correcting mechanism in the efficient markets (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). In the markets that tend to adhere to the above features, the pension fund manager need not engage in active portfolio management as trades cannot be initiated based on information or price pattern since the past prices are not a faithful representation of future trends. Further, the stock specific information about the stocks that are included in the portfolio is also not required as trades cannot be initiated without the impact of new information already been captured. Thus, in such an idealistic situation, for a moment it may seem that the given statement is true (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). It is imperative to consider that there are two variants of risk for an investor with exposure to the stock market. One of these is systematic risk which refers to the general market risk and cannot be avoided through any means. However, the unsystematic risk is manageable if the investor tends to diversify the portfolio in a prudent manner. Therefore, it is imperative that the manager of a pension fund should aim to choose a portfolio which reduces the exposure to unsystematic risk. Additionally, the key purpose of an investor who avails pension fund is to ensure that a regular stream of income is received while the preservation of capital is ensured. As a result, the likely choices for inclusion in such a portfolio would be large cap stocks which tend to exhibit less volatility in price and simultaneously offer a smooth and assured income from dividends.(Petty et. al, 2015). Hence, in the event of random choices being made by the manager of pension fund, there is the risk of the po rtfolio not being diversified and hence having unsystematic risk. Also, the selected stocks may not be suitable for the risk appetite and requirements of the users. As a result, it is appropriate that even when the market may be efficient, then also the random selection of stocks using a pin is not justified (Damodaran, 2008). References Bhimani, A, Horngren, CT, Datar, SM Foster, G 2008, Management and Cost Accounting 4th eds., Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow Brealey, R, Myers, S Allen, F 2008, Principles of Corporate Finance, 9th eds., McGraw Hill Publications, New York Brigham, EF Ehrhardt, MC 2013. Financial Management: Theory Practice, 14th eds., South-Western College Publications, New York Damodaran, A 2008, Corporate Finance, 2nd edn, Wiley Publications, London Drury, C 2008, Management and Cost Accounting, 7th eds., Thomson Learning, London BHP Billiton 2015, Annual Report 2015, Available online from https://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2015/bhpbillitonannualreport2015.pdf (Accessed on September 10, 2016) Parrino, R Kidwell, D 2011, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 3rd eds., Wiley Publications, London Petty, JW, Titman, S, Keown, AJ, Martin, P, Martin JD Burrow, M 2015, Financial Management: Principles and Applications, 6th eds., Pearson Australia, Sydney Seal, WB, Garrison, RH and Noreen, EW 2012, Management Accounting, 4th eds., McGraw -Hill Higher Education, Maidenhead